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Xenoestrogens are synthetic chemicals that mimic or interfere with estrogen in our bodies. They form a subset of a broader group of chemicals known as endocrine disruptors.
Exposure to xenoestrogens, which are found in pesticides, PCBs, plastics, and other industrial chemicals, has been linked to breast and ovarian cancers in women and to decreased testosterone levels, prostate cancer, and lowered sperm count in men. These damaging effects have been found in fish, reptiles, birds, rodents, and humans.
These chemicals are found in soil, lakes, and rivers as pesticide run-off from agricultural usage. They are present in polycarbonate plastic food wraps and containers and are also found in herbicides and pesticides on fruits and vegetables. Because hormones such as estrogen act in the body at very low levels (parts per trillion), exposure to even small amounts of environmental endocrine disruptors concern scientists. Although the plastic and chemical industries refute the links between their products and the effects of endocrine disruption, the government environmental agencies in Canada and the US have begun to screen potentially xenoestrogenic chemicals and to undertake more research into the impact these chemicals have on animals and humans.
Source: alive #X
"It's official: Men really are the weaker sex
Evolution is being distorted by pollution, which damages genitals and the ability to father offspring, says new study. Geoffrey Lean reports
Sunday, 7 December 2008
The male gender is in danger, with incalculable consequences for both humans and wildlife, startling scientific research from around the world reveals.
The research – to be detailed tomorrow in the most comprehensive report yet published – shows that a host of common chemicals is feminising males of every class of vertebrate animals, from fish to mammals, including people.
Backed by some of the world's leading scientists, who say that it "waves a red flag" for humanity and shows that evolution itself is being disrupted, the report comes out at a particularly sensitive time for ministers. On Wednesday, Britain will lead opposition to proposed new European controls on pesticides, many of which have been found to have "gender-bending" effects.
It also follows hard on the heels of new American research which shows that baby boys born to women exposed to widespread chemicals in pregnancy are born with smaller penises and feminised genitals.
"This research shows that the basic male tool kit is under threat," says Gwynne Lyons, a former government adviser on the health effects of chemicals, who wrote the report.
Wildlife and people have been exposed to more than 100,000 new chemicals in recent years, and the European Commission has admitted that 99 per cent of them are not adequately regulated. There is not even proper safety information on 85 per cent of them.
Many have been identified as "endocrine disrupters" – or gender-benders – because they interfere with hormones. These include phthalates, used in food wrapping, cosmetics and baby powders among other applications; flame retardants in furniture and electrical goods; PCBs, a now banned group of substances still widespread in food and the environment; and many pesticides.
The report – published by the charity CHEMTrust and drawing on more than 250 scientific studies from around the world – concentrates mainly on wildlife, identifying effects in species ranging from the polar bears of the Arctic to the eland of the South African plains, and from whales in the depths of the oceans to high-flying falcons and eagles.
It concludes: "Males of species from each of the main classes of vertebrate animals (including bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) have been affected by chemicals in the environment.
"Feminisation of the males of numerous vertebrate species is now a widespread occurrence. All vertebrates have similar sex hormone receptors, which have been conserved in evolution. Therefore, observations in one species may serve to highlight pollution issues of concern for other vertebrates, including humans."
Fish, it says, are particularly affected by pollutants as they are immersed in them when they swim in contaminated water, taking them in not just in their food but through their gills and skin. They were among the first to show widespread gender-bending effects.
Half the male fish in British lowland rivers have been found to be developing eggs in their testes; in some stretches all male roaches have been found to be changing sex in this way. Female hormones – largely from the contraceptive pills which pass unaltered through sewage treatment – are partly responsible, while more than three-quarters of sewage works have been found also to be discharging demasculinising man-made chemicals. Feminising effects have now been discovered in a host of freshwater fish species as far away as Japan and Benin, in Africa, and in sea fish in the North Sea, the Mediterranean, Osaka Bay in Japan and Puget Sound on the US west coast.
Research at the University of Florida earlier this year found that 40 per cent of the male cane toads – a species so indestructible that it has become a plague in Australia – had become hermaphrodites in a heavily farmed part of the state, with another 20 per cent undergoing lesser feminisation. A similar link between farming and sex changes in northern leopard frogs has been revealed by Canadian research, adding to suspicions that pesticides may be to blame.
Male alligators exposed to pesticides in Florida have suffered from lower testosterone and higher oestrogen levels, abnormal testes, smaller penises and reproductive failures. Male snapping turtles have been found with female characteristics in the same state and around the Great Lakes, where wildlife has been found to be contaminated with more than 400 different chemicals. Male herring gulls and peregrine falcons have produced the female protein used to make egg yolks, while bald eagles have had difficulty reproducing in areas highly contaminated with chemicals.
Scientists at Cardiff University have found that the brains of male starlings who ate worms contaminated by female hormones at a sewage works in south-west England were subtly changed so that they sang at greater length and with increased virtuosity.
Even more ominously for humanity, mammals have also been found to be widely affected.
Two-thirds of male Sitka black-tailed deer in Alaska have been found to have undescended testes and deformed antler growth, and roughly the same proportion of white-tailed deer in Montana were discovered to have genital abnormalities.
In South Africa, eland have been revealed to have damaged testicles while being contaminated by high levels of gender-bender chemicals, and striped mice from one polluted nature reserved were discovered to be producing no sperm at all.
At the other end of the world, hermaphrodite polar bears – with penises and vaginas – have been discovered and gender-benders have been found to reduce sperm counts and penis lengths in those that remained male. Many of the small, endangered populations of Florida panthers have been found to have abnormal sperm.
Other research has revealed otters from polluted areas with smaller testicles and mink exposed to PCBs with shorter penises. Beluga whales in Canada's St Lawrence estuary and killer whales off its north-west coast – two of the wildlife populations most contaminated by PCBs – are reproducing poorly, as are exposed porpoises, seals and dolphins.
Scientists warned yesterday that the mass of evidence added up to a grave warning for both wildlife and humans. Professor Charles Tyler, an expert on endocrine disrupters at the University of Exeter, says that the evidence in the report "set off alarm bells". Whole wildlife populations could be at risk, he said, because their gene pool would be reduced, making them less able to withstand disease and putting them at risk from hazards such as global warming.
Dr Pete Myers, chief scientist at Environmental Health Sciences, one of the world's foremost authorities on gender-bender chemicals, added: "We have thrown 100, 000 chemicals against a finely balanced hormone system, so it's not surprising that we are seeing some serious results. It is leading to the most rapid pace of evolution in the history of the world.
Professor Lou Gillette of Florida University, one of the most respected academics in the field, warned that the report waved "a large red flag" at humanity. He said: "If we are seeing problems in wildlife, we can be concerned that something similar is happening to a proportion of human males"
Indeed, new research at the University of Rochester in New York state shows that boys born to mothers with raised levels of phthalates were more likely to have smaller penises and undescended testicles. They also had a shorter distance between their anus and genitalia, a classic sign of feminisation. And a study at Rotterdam's Erasmus University showed that boys whose mothers had been exposed to PCBs grew up wanting to play with dolls and tea sets rather than with traditionally male toys.
Communities heavily polluted with gender-benders in Canada, Russia and Italy have given birth to twice as many girls than boys, which may offer a clue to the reason for a mysterious shift in sex ratios worldwide. Normally 106 boys are born for every 100 girls, but the ratio is slipping. It is calculated that 250,000 babies who would have been boys have been born as girls instead in the US and Japan alone.
And sperm counts are dropping precipitously. Studies in more than 20 countries have shown that they have dropped from 150 million per millilitre of sperm fluid to 60 million over 50 years. (Hamsters produce nearly three times as much, at 160 million.) Professor Nil Basu of Michigan University says that this adds up to "pretty compelling evidence for effects in humans".
But Britain has long sought to water down EU attempts to control gender-bender chemicals and has been leading opposition to a new regulation that would ban pesticides shown to have endocrine-disrupting effects. Almost all the other European countries back it, but ministers – backed by their counterparts from Ireland and Romania – are intent on continuing their resistance at a crucial meeting on Wednesday. They say the regulation would cause a collapse of agriculture in the UK, but environmentalists retort that this is nonsense because the regulation has get-out clauses that could be used by British farmers."
Some studies have even shown a negative supplement effect. Analysis of data collected from some 70,000 postmenopausal nurses showed that over an 18-year period, those who consumed the most vitamin A from food or from supplements had the greatest risk of bone fractures.
A typical survey-type, or "observational," study involved over 83,000 healthy American physicians who filled out questionnaires about supplement intake and dietary habits. Roughly 30 percent of the doctors regularly took vitamin supplements. After about six years, 1,000 or so had died of some form of cardiovascular disease. Were the deceased more or less likely to have been taking antioxidant supplements? As it turned out, there was no relationship between supplement intake and cardiovascular death. Of course, it is possible that physicians are more health conscious that others and pay more attention to their diet, so that they already had a sufficient intake of antioxidants.
low vitamin E intake during pregnancy has shown to increase the risk of childhood asthma, and women who take vitamin supplements during pregnancy appear to have a reduced risk of having infants who develop brain tumours.
Vitamin C
How about studies of blood levels of vitamins? English researchers in one case found that among 20,000 people, those who had the highest level of vitamin C in the blood lived the longest. But was this because of the vitamin C, or was the vitamin C just acting as a marker for increased fruit and vegetable intake? Low levels of folic acid have been linked with breast cancer, heart disease and, most significantly, with giving birth to babies with neural tube defects. Still, such studies do not show cause and effect. You can never be certain that the observations are not due to some other dietary factor that happens to parallel folic acid in its presence. That's why intervention studies are the most meaningful. And in the case of folic acid in pregnant women, they certainly back up the observational studies. Supplementing the diet with 400 micrograms of folic acid daily significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defect.
Antioxydants
Researchers in Oxford, England, enrolled over 20,000 adults with heart disease risk factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol in a major study. Half received a daily supplement of 600 IU vitamin E, 250 milligrams vitamin C and 20 milligrams beta-carotene, while the others got a placebo. The supplements were certainly effective in increasing blood levels of vitamins, as tests clearly showed. But after five years there was absolutely no difference in any form of disease or in death rates between the groups. Maybe, though, these subjects already had the beginnings of cardiovascular disease that could not be reversed with the supplements and perhaps in a healthy group, supplements can prevent disease. Maybe …
To supplement or not?
As is evident, it is possible to support either side of the "to supplement or not" debate by looking at the scientific literature selectively. But what happens when scientists put all the data together in a meta-analysis? Sometimes they just add to the confusion! That's what Goran Bjelakovic and his colleagues at the University of Nis in Serbia and Montenegro apparently did when they examined the relationship between dietary antioxidants and the risk of gastrointestinal cancers. Free radicals can form in the gut and have been implicated in cancer, and fruits and vegetables have been shown to be protective, presumably because of the antioxidant content. So it certainly seemed reasonable to expect that antioxidant supplements should be beneficial in preventing cancer. Bjelakovic scoured the scientific literature and identified 14 rigorous placebo-controlled trials involving over 170,000 subjects. All the trials used oral supplements, although amounts varied, as did combinations. Vitamin C ranged from 120 to 2,000 milligrams a day, vitamin A from 1.5 to 15 milligrams, beta-carotene from 15 to 50 milligrams, selenium from 50 to 228 micrograms and vitamin E from 30 to 600 IU. The supplements were taken for years, either daily or every other day. Such doses are typical of what average consumers might take.
Shocking results
The results of the meta-analysis were unexpected. No protection against esophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic or liver cancer was found. Selenium supplementation in a few of the trials did show some optimistic results. Now for the real shocker: in seven trials, all of high quality, involving over 130,000 subjects, the supplement takers had a higher rate of premature death! The researchers actually calculated that one premature death would be expected for every 100 people taking supplements. Little wonder that this work prompted sensational headlines like "Vitamins Only Take You Closer To Death." How do we interpret this surprising finding? The study was well executed and has statistical weight, but is it not possible that people who are ill are more likely to take supplements and that this explains the increased mortality? Or that supplements are most effective when taken for longer periods? And maybe they don't protect against cancer but have other benefits.
Supplements proved not helpful
Dr. Bjelakovic decided to look into this possibility by mounting a second meta-analysis. His team tracked hundreds of published trials on the health effects of beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium supplements, and whittled these down to 68 that met the criteria for proper blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Some studies used low doses of supplements, some high; some lasted months, other many years. Some used single antioxidants, others used various combinations. But the strength of a anti-meta-analysis lies in pooling results from many studies, evening out variables and allowing an overall conclusion to emerge. As in his previous study, Bjelakovic found no benefit from the supplements, and as before, he noted an increase in mortality among supplement takers. The data appear to be robust. More than 230,000 participants were involved in the 68 trials, 21 of which focused on healthy subjects who were taking antioxidants to prevent disease.
Better to get our vitamins from food than from pills
While I do not think that vitamin supplements are killing us, there is mounting evidence that it is better to get our vitamins from food than from pills. It seems that there is an almost magical blend of antioxidants, minerals and probably unrecognized other ingredients in fruits, vegetables and whole grains that cannot be replicated in supplements. A 13-member expert panel of the National Institutes of Health in the United States concluded that there is insufficient evidence for or against recommending vitamin supplements except in three cases. Supplementation with B vitamins in women of child-bearing age is beneficial, as is supplementation with calcium and vitamin D in postmenopausal women to prevent bone fractures. And the progression of macular degeneration can be reduced with a mix of beta-carotene, zinc, vitamin C and vitamin E.
Number of animals killed in the world by the meat, dairy and egg industries, since you opened this webpage. This counter does not include the billions of fish and sea animals killed annually.